Evaluating the Vergence–Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection Inproceedings

										
@inproceedings{bashar2026vacgazeconflict,
title = {Evaluating the Vergence–Accommodation Conflict in Gaze-Based 3D Target Selection},
author = {Bashar, Mohammad Raihanul and Amini, Mohammadreza and Mutasim, Aunnoy K. and Barrera Machuca, Mayra D. and Stuerzlinger, Wolfgang and Batmaz, Anil Ufuk},
booktitle = {International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality},
publisher = {IEEE},
series = {ISMAR '26},
year = {2026},
month = {Oct},
numpages = {11},
commented-doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR0000.2026.00000},
commented-pdf = {papers/vacgazeconflict.pdf},
commented-video = {videos/vacganzeconflict.mp4},
commented-teaser = {teasers/vacgazeconflict.png},
abstract = {State-of-the-art head-mounted displays (HMDs) enable gaze-based selection in virtual environments. Yet, these HMDs suffer from the vergence–accommodation conflict (VAC), which is known to affect interaction performance. The VAC might influence gaze-based selection performance because it directly affects eye-movement behavior. Thus, in this paper, we investigate how the VAC influences \gaze-based 3D target selection across varying depth conditions. Our results show that as the (visual) depth increases, user performance significantly decreases with gaze-based selection. Moreover, a previously suggested ``\textit{Variation in Diopter}'' Fitts’ law model captured this performance change better relative to a linear model. These findings provide evidence that gaze-based pointing is negatively affected by the VAC and highlight the importance of accounting for depth-dependent factors when designing gaze-based interaction in 3D environments.},
keywords = {3D pointing, eye gaze},
note = {Conditionally accepted, to appear}
}